Childhood Obesity Essay Introduction Essay

Presentation Weight is a genuine and significant wellbeing inconvenience adding to 112,000 passings every year the vast majority of which are preventable. Corpulence is to a condition where overabundance fat has gathered in the body has to the degree of antagonistically influencing one’s wellbeing. There is no broad concession to the least clarifications of weight in teenagers and kids. Hence, most experts acknowledge the rules distributed on weight list (BMI) to gauge instances of overweight in youngsters and teenagers. The expansion of weight among kids in 2008 expanded from 5 percent to 17 percent around the same time. This paper will center to investigate the reasons for stoutness in youngsters and give strategies on how it very well may be forestalled. One is considered as stout or overweight when their weight list BMI surpasses 30 kg/m2) (Flegal, 2000). Weight record is acquired by estimating an individual’s weight in kilograms comparative with their stature in meters. By and by stoutness is the most stretched out spread clinical issue influencing youngsters and adolescents in created nations like the United States. Other proportion of stoutness include: a) Weight-to-tallness tables-These tables characterize being overweight and give ranges for a sound weight dependent on the stature of a youngster or kid. b) Body fat rate Fat a level of body weight, is a solid marker of heftiness. Young men are respected large when their muscle to fat ratio is over 25 percent and young ladies more than 32 percent. Heftiness effectsly affects the life of a patient by expanding the chance of contracting assortment of illnesses. Coming up next are wellbeing results of weight as indicated by Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Malignant growths (bosom, endometrial and colon) Coronary illness Hypertension Stroke Type 2 diabetes Dyslipidemia Osteoarthritis Gallbladder and liver and illness Gynecological issues (fruitlessness, irregular menses) Notwithstanding the wellbeing results above, corpulence can likewise make social, just as, passionate issues to an individual or patient because of the disgrace related with one being overweight. Reasons for weight Physical exercise and slimming down are among the most ideal ways for rewarding weight. One can improve their eating routine quality by lessening the admission nourishments wealthy in vitality, for example those high in sugars and fat and expanding the utilization of dietary fiber. Medications, for example, against corpulence prescription medications might be taken to bring down craving or repress the ingestion of fat. A gastric inflatable may empower one get in shape if exercise, drug and diet are not successful. Medical procedure may likewise be performed to bring down stomach volume or potentially gut length. This prompts prior satiation and diminished capacity to assimilate supplements from food. The following are a portion of the significant reasons for stoutness (Ferry, 2011). Physical dormancy The expanded utilization of PCs, computer games and TVs have to a great extent added to a latent way of life for some young people and youngsters in created nations like the U.S. By and large, youngsters and kids in the United States of America go through three hours day by day sitting in front of the TV. This type of diversion utilizes little vitality as well as empowers eating of tidbits. Only 33% of youngsters in the United States have day by day physical exercise training in school. Dietary propensities The dietary patterns of youngsters and kids have moved away from solid nourishments, for example, vegetables and entire grains to huge dependence on quick food sources, sweet beverages and eating handled tidbits. These nourishments will in general contain elevated levels of fat or calories however low in basic supplements. Undesirable dietary patterns incorporate eating when not eager, sitting in front of the TV while eating or eating while at the same time doing schoolwork e.t.c. Hereditary components Some families will in general have heftiness. Guardians who are corpulent will in general have large youngsters. It is veryâ crucial to take note of that weight doesn't happen through hereditary qualities alone, yet when one eats a larger number of calories than the person employments. Financial status-Non working guardians or families with low earnings are bound to devour overabundance calories for a given degree of action. Explicit ailments can cause stoutness however are uncommon. This incorporates acquired scatters of digestion, hormone or compound lopsided characteristics. Certain prescriptions can modify how the body stores fat or procedures food, accordingly coming about to weight gain. There is constrained proof to help the way that a few people who are overweight eat pretty much nothing yet put on weight because of a moderate digestion. Fat individuals require more vitality consumption than individuals who are slender because of the vitality required to keep up their enormous weight. End Weight is viewed as a significant reason for passings worldwide with expanding predominance in youngsters, adolescents and grown-ups. The American Heart Association has rules for sound youngsters and families. It suggests that one ought to eat sufficient calories and eat a wide assortment of nourishments to acquire satisfactory sustenance. It additionally suggests that the all out cholesterol taken every day ought to be under 300mg. These rules are just appropriate to youngsters over two years old. It is important for everybody in the family to apply these rules and not simply the individuals who are fat. Schools ought to acquaint against harassing effort with help overweight youngsters. The greatest duty falls on guardians to guarantee their kids watch smart dieting tips. References American Heart Association. â€Å"Dietary Recommendations for Healthy Children.† Apr. 19, 2012. . Ship Jr., R.J., ed. Nourishment and Health: Management of Pediatric Obesity and Diabetes. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2011: 416. US. Habitats for Disease Control and Prevention. â€Å"Childhood Overweight and Obesity.† Apr. 27, 2012. .

Healthy Lifestyle

Chinese experimental theatre is a hybrid product characterised by a Essay

Chinese test theater is a half breed item portrayed by an intermingling of extra-social and intra-social - Essay Example One of the most well known theater chiefs in China’s cutting edge theater is Meng Jinghui. Meng Jinghui became pulled in to Chinese writing while at the same time finishing his auxiliary school training. Meng Jinghui got keen on acting while at the same time seeking after a college degree at the Capital Normal University. Meng Jinghui sees that his introduction into acting was a causal attribution of a transformation in his life. Meng Jinghui’s introductory acting part was that of a Kuomintang infantryman, it was a quiet part. Meng Jinghui’s first talking acting part was as a culinary specialist where he expressed: â€Å"Meal time, feast time†. Meng Jinghui recognizes that the specialty of acting open a window for him to the entirety of the propelled societies of the world and their different artistic viewpoints. As a school senior, Meng Jinghui was acquainted with cutting edge playwrighting when he readapted the Story of Western Chamber. This was a Yuan t radition sentimental drama. Meng Jinghui adjusted the sentimental show into an advanced satire with three unmistakable endings. One of the endings was an adjustment of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House. While learning at the college, Meng Jinghui had the option to decipher works by Pinter, Ionesco, Beckett and Genet. Meng Jinghui discovered that ridiculous showy introductions reaffirmed the ideas which he would late apply. These ideas comprised of infusing satire and melodic intervals into his playwrighting. In 1992, Meng Jinghui had the option to discover reasonable work with the National Theater Company of China. This happened subsequent to his graduation from the Capital Normal University (China Culture 2006). In the years which followed, Meng Jinghui coordinated more than ten significant Chinese dramatic introductions. Meng Jinghui’s significant showy introductions include: Comrade AhQ, Waiting for Godot, The Accidental Death of an Anarchist, Rhinoceros in Love, Si Fan, The Balcony, I love XXX and Bootleg Faust. Meng Jinghui’s forte is to analyze crafted by different dramatists, reconsider them and afterward to total a humorous and melodic point of view to them. Meng Jinghui’s forte additionally incorporates the capacity to decipher these works and to introduce them inside the parameters of the requirements of the Chinese government (China Culture 2006). A considerable lot of China’s driving writers have chosen Henrik Ibsen’s style of authenticity as the prevalent style in showy introduction. Different dramatists are considered in the creation of Chinese theater. These dramatists are Anton Checkhov, George Bernard Shaw, and Constantin Stanislavsky. Henrik Ibsen’s style of authenticity is considered in the light of China’s financial setting (Zhao 2010). Meng Jinghui’s dramatic introductions additionally speaks to and requests to individuals from the crowd who backer change regardless of sexua l orientation (Roberts 2006). One of the most profoundly acclaimed current measures in Chinese performance center is Rhinoceros in Love. This show recounts to the tale of a zoological park chaperon whose name is Ma Lu. Mama Lu turns out to be impractically and suggestively fixated on a lady who is past his range Mingming. Mama Lu in his ceaseless want for Mingming shows a twenty first century part of Chinese theater. This angle contrasts physical wants and otherworldly wants (National Theater of China 2011). Rhinoceros in Love recounts to the account of Ma Lu’s want and the delightful and non receptive Mingming. In the show, Ma Lu endeavors to inspire want and desire from Mingming y professing to gain two young lady

Lord of the Flies as an Allegory Essay

The Lord of the Flies whenever read at face worth can be deciphered as short book about the battle to make due on a remote location and its physical and mental effects on its occupants. In any case, when the peruser looks further, they see a novel that is a moral story that is loaded up with rich and point by point imagery in practically all parts of the book. A moral story is characterized a kind of composing that presents dynamic thoughts or good principals as emblematic characters, occasions, or articles. â€Å"The topic is an endeavor to follow the deformities of society back to the imperfections of human nature† (Golding 204). The tale starts as our hero meanders along the sea shore. Ralph speaks to authority, request, and progress for the island. He utilizes his capacity to benefit the individuals, particularly to secure the â€Å"littluns.† The littluns speak to the individuals controlled by an administration. For their situation, the â€Å"bigguns† (the more seasoned young men), exploit the young men and before long disregard them totally. As the conch was blown â€Å"A profound unforgiving note blasted under the palms, spread through the complexities of the backwoods and reverberated again from the pink rock of the mountain† (Golding 17). Radiating a strong sound, the conch likewise had the characteristics of power, solidarity, and force. At the point when the general public is framed, the kid who holds the conch is the just one permitted to talk. Jack previously organized this when he said â€Å"I’ll give the conch to the following individual to speak† (Golding 33). As the story advances, the conch looses its capacity and impact over the youngsters and is in the end squashed when Piggy is stomped on by a rock. This denotes the finish of any equitable and edified society on the island. Piggy speaks to insight and mortality. He acts with reason like an adult would in his circumstance. Other than acting like a parent figure, Piggy likewise gives initiative when the clan is part into equal parts. â€Å"But no one else comprehends that about the fire. On the off chance that somebody tossed you a rope when you were suffocating. In the event that a specialist said take this in such a case that you don’t takeâ it you’ll bite the dust you would, wouldn’t you? Can’t they get it? Without the smoke signal we’ll bite the dust here?† (Golding 139). The sign fire is another image that changes to mirror the descending winding of the kids. The fire was founded by Ralph and Piggy as an endeavor to attract consideration any desires for salvage. The fire can be viewed as an association with human advancement and as development itself. At the point when the fire consumes well at a typical pace, the island finds a sense of contentment. â€Å"We’ve got no fire. That thing just sits up thereæ'{ we’ll need to remain here† (Golding 129). Be that as it may, when the fire is out, the young men seen to free enthusiasm for human progress and return to crude, savage creatures, which mess up the delicate island society. Strangely the fire that realizes the boy’s salvage isn't the sign fire, however a woodland fire began by Jack to drive Ralph out beyond all detectable inhibitions. The fire represents power and the administration of the clan, as it gives warmth and warmth to cooking. At the point when Jack picks up th e capacity to make fire, he holds onto control of the clan. Piggy’s glasses take into account the making of all fire on the island. The glasses represent science and insight and their effects on society. The glasses likewise assume a significant job in the portending of the bedlam that will in the long run follow on the island. â€Å"Jack smacked Piggy’s head. Piggy’s glasses took off and tinkled on the rocks. Piggy shouted out in dread: ‘My specs'† (Golding 71). The breaking of Piggy’s glasses can be viewed as the beginning of the occasions that will make the island slip into complete and unpreventable tumult drove by Jack’s political agitation. Jack Merridew speaks to a hunger for force and viciousness equivalent to base impulses. Jack utilizes his capacity for joy just, gradually advancing into an all out despot when the clan parts. â€Å"There isn’t a clan for you any longer! I’m chief† (Golding 181). Jack can't acknowledge bargains in his position and efficiently participates in, if not liable for, the passings of the individuals who contradict him in his way to control. Jack utilizes the monster as a way to chase all the more regularly and later increase power. The mammoth is only the abhorrent and base impulses imbedded profound inside us all. Everybody on the island fears it, while as a general rule it is just doesn't exist. Apparently the more the young men act brutally, the more genuine the monster becomes. Before long the young men begin to adore the monster and leave contributions to the mammoth. This head is for the mammoth. It’s a gift† (Golding 137). The master of the flies is the blessing left for the mammoth. It’s a wicked pig’s head on a stick. The ruler of the flies is a physical indication of malice who summons the repressed monster inside every one of us. At the point when Simon addresses the ruler of the flies, its actual nature is uncovered. â€Å"You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you† (Golding 143). All through the story Golding utilizes his characters, articles and occasions as images to get a more profound importance over. The book weaves a convincing story of hopefulness against the darkest side of human fiendishness. Despite the fact that the novel shows that malevolent in each individual exists, the essential human goodness despite everything seems to win when everything is said and done. The Lord of the Flies is genuinely a cutting edge great with a message for everybody.

Midnight in Paris Analysis Essay

In the film â€Å"Midnight in Paris†, there are a great deal of fascinating sights with regards to the most wonderful city on the planet. During the film, Woody Allen gave us how Paris is lovely toward the beginning of the day, beguiling toward the evening, and charming at night, yet it is enchantment and has a great deal of astounding things after 12 PM. Beginning with the Eiffel Tower, there were a great deal of notable shots of Paris at its most touristic focuses like its lovely boulevards under the downpour, the celebrated waterway in the city ‘La seine ‘, and the expansive nurseries that makes this city the most delightful goal for the well known specialists who were searching for a calm spot to build up their ability as scholars. The film is a decent blend of Paris in 2010 and Paris before, when the well known craftsmen and journalists were there like Ernest Hamingway, F Scott Fitzgerald, Picasso, Gertrud Stein, and Salvador Dali. All through the film the chief didn’t simply give us Paris and its visitor areas, yet additionally removed us to goals from the city, for example, Versailles and Monet’s plants in Giverny. At that point, there were all the heartily lit shots of the bistros, cafés, and the well known shops, for example, Coco Channel and Dior. What's more, the magnificence of the sights and the photographs caught the viewer’s eye to need to watch this film and to find a great deal of more data about the absolute most well known specialists in the mid nineteenth century. The film â€Å"Midnight in Paris†, had prevail with support of gathering of individuals who were proficient and effective in their activity as specialists. The essayist and chief was Woody Allen, and the lead entertainers were: Owen Wilson, Rachel Mc Adams, and Kathy Bates. The cast was by Marian Cotillard, Michael Sheen, Adrien Brody, and Alison Pill. The studio was Gravier Production, Mediapro, Televisio de catalunya TV3, and it was made in May 20, 2011 by Sony Pictures Classics. The rom-com dream film had numerous mind boggling minutes beginning by finding the city at the time to going back in time every night after 12 PM. On one hand, the film had a ton of fascinating minutes between the past and the present. The story was about an American family who went to France for an excursion for work, and the two youngsters Gil and his fiancee were locked in to be hitched despite the fact that their attitude and their reasoning were unique. She used to contend with him constantly and she didn’t like him to be an essayist as much as to work in Hollywood. Gil was the sort of individual who likes to compose and to be a fruitful essayist, and when he was in Paris, he accepted that this ity is simply the main spot he will discover in. Out of nowhere, and keeping in mind that he was strolling around the Parisian avenues, he wound up returning time to the nineteenth Century when all the renowned scholars and painters were there. In this way, this second Gil had a major change in his life. Beginning by saying a final farewell to his fiancee and going gaga for a French lady. He ended up with the stars of workman ship in Paris in its brilliant time, and he didn’t accept that he had a great deal of discussions with the best essayist ever, Ernest Hamingway. Then again, Paris in its brilliant time was the best goal for a ton of specialists around the globe. Ernest Hamingway was an American creator and columnist who decided to live in the city of craftsmanship, Paris in the brilliant age. His efficient and downplayed style affected twentieth century fiction, while his life of experience and his open picture impacted later ages. Hemingway delivered the vast majority of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He distributed seven books, six short story assortments, and two true to life works. Three books, four assortments of short stories, and three true to life works were distributed after death. Huge numbers of these are viewed as works of art of American writing. Hemingway was brought up in Oak Park, Illinois. After secondary school, he detailed for a couple of months for The Kansas City Star before leaving for the Italian front to enroll with the World War I emergency vehicle drivers. In 1918, he was truly injured and get back. His wartime encounters shaped the reason for his novel, A Farewell to Arms. In 1922, he wedded Hadley Richardson, the first of his four spouses. The couple moved to Paris, where he filled in as an outside reporter, and fell affected by the pioneer journalists and specialists of the 1920s â€Å"Lost Generation† exile network. The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway’s first novel, was distributed in 1926. As I would see it as a watcher, Hemingway was one of the most fascinating characters with regards to the film since he had rolled out an improvement on parcel of craftsmen after him and he was a genuine model for those need to be effective in their life as a Gil, and the most intriguing part with regards to the film was the discussion that was in the old Peugeot vehicle when they were discussing men and their dread of death. In conclusion, â€Å"Midnight in Paris†, had bundle of data everybody should know. Accordingly, I suggest watching this film, since it wasn’t only a story like what we normally observe in different movies, yet had a lot of data about some renowned specialists in the nineteenth century. Additionally, we returned with the film to perceive how those individuals used to live in quite calm world particularly in the workmanship city. By and by, I loved the film from the earliest starting point as far as possible, in light of the fact that and keeping in mind that I was watching it, I making the most of its calm music they used to tune in to. The music and the downpour in the Parisian lanes had made a lovely picture about this city and furthermore I delighted in observing some touristical places I had visited while I was in excursion there. What's more, I preferred the tale about Gil and how he was urging himself to jump on the correct route in the craftsmanship, by having a decent confidence, despite the fact that he had a great deal of impediments with his fiancee and her folks.

Research Paper Essay Topics

Research Paper Essay TopicsFinding the right research paper essay topics can be hard. There are so many choices to select from it can become overwhelming. How can you narrow it down to the best ones? Here are a few suggestions:Look for topics that apply to you. Are you interested in a particular field or profession? If so, you might consider a topic that applies to you.Check out your passions and what makes you happy. Think about why this topic will appeal to you. This is a great place to start because your list of possible topics might be pretty limited.Some good research paper essay topics include 'What's Important?' and 'Why I Love My Work?' Use these two topics as a jumping off point for your list of essay topics.Many of the best research paper topics are either a question or a problem that you find yourself asking all the time. It's a good idea to start out by writing about something that is directly related to your field of study. Of course, it's OK to explore other areas as we ll.You might want to look at your life and ask yourself what is really important to you. What does your family mean to you? Then use that as a starting point for some of your research paper essay topics.When writing your research paper essay topics, make sure that you're asking questions that need to be answered. The key is to begin by making an observation that is not only interesting but true. From there, write an essay that illustrates the observation.A great resource for researching great research paper essay topics is your college advisors or professors. Sometimes they'll share examples with you, and sometimes they'll give you suggestions based on their own experiences. You should also check into online forums for suggestions and tips.

How to Figure Out How Much Time to Spend on GMAT Prep

There’s a questions university professors hate to hear: â€Å"How hard do I have to study for this?† You’ve probably learned to be shy about asking just how much (or how little) you need to work for that top score. When it comes to the GMAT though, don’t be shy with this question. You’ve got a busy life! It’s wise to figure out just how much study it takes to crack the GMAT. Bear in mind, of course, that the answer depends a lot on you. Every GMAT test-taker has different study needs. What are yours? There are a few ways to figure this out: What Schools Are You Trying to Get Into? This is the most obvious question to ask yourself. The GMAT score requirements at b-schools can vary a good deal, of course. Now, if you’re aiming for the top schools, you’ll obviously need higher GMAT scores. However, even in the most competitive MBA programs, score requirements still differ. To figure out exactly what scores are needed at your best dream schools, check out this table and infographic for GMAT scores at top schools. Knowing your target score helps you know how much you might need to study. But researching competitive GMAT scores is just a starting point. In order to know how much you should study, there are still other things to figure out. What is Your Current GMAT Ability? If you need a higher-than-average score will you need to study more? Logically, it seems like you will. But this isn’t always a case. And on the flip side, a lower target score may not mean less study. You see, your target score comes at the end of your journey, when you take your exam. But how much you need to study doesn’t just depend on where you’re going. It also depends on where you are right now. Suppose you’re aiming for a 690. It’s not a bad goal. This can get you into a mid-tier school pretty easily. A high 600s score can also give you a chance at a top school, provided the rest of your application is strong. But if 690 is where you want to go, where are you now? In other words, what GMAT score can you get right now? To find out, you need to take a GMAT practice test. But don’t just take any test! Look for a full-length practice test that is well-designed, as similar to the real GMAT as possible. (If you’re not sure where to find a truly excellent practice test, here’s some advice on where to find full length mock GMAT exams.) If you get 650 on a practice test, then you don’t that much further to go. Boosting your score up to 690 should be fairly easy. But if you’re currently testing in the 500s or low 600s? In that case, you’ve got a lot of study ahead of you. Make a Study Plan Once you find your target score and compare it to your current score in practice, you’re ready to make a study plan. This is where you figure out exactly how much you’ll need to study in order to crack the GMAT. Make a specific weekly or daily planner. Outline the GMAT prep books and websites you’ll use, the practice sets you’ll go through, the lessons you’ll read or watch on video, and so on. A well-researched, carefully crafted study plan is the most accurate measure of how much work you need to do. Of course, that’s not a 100% perfect measure either. You may find you need to do more studying along the way. Or you may learn even faster than you’d hoped, so that you can shorten your study plan. hbspt.cta.load(58291, 'e47f6e09-76b2-4b02-bc17-62552b75dc6a', {}); David Recine is a test prep expert at Magoosh. He has a Bachelor of Social Work from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and a Masters in Teaching English to Speakers of other Languages from the University of Wisconsin-River Falls. He has been teaching K-12, University, and adult education classes since 2007 and has worked with students from every continent. Related Resources: †¢ Affordable Online Test Prep,  a podcast episode †¢Ã‚  Should You Take the GMAT or GRE? †¢Ã‚  Time Management Tips to Make the Most of Your Test Prep

Essay about Transcendentalism in the Poems of Whitman

Transcendentalism in the Poems of Whitman From looking at the titles of Walt Whitmans vast collection of poetry in Leaves of Grass one would be able to surmise that the great American poet wrote about many subjects -- expressing his ideas and thoughts about everything from religion to Abraham Lincoln. Quite the opposite is true, Walt Whitman wrote only about a single subject which was so powerful in the mind of the poet that it consumed him to the point that whatever he wrote echoed of that subject. The beliefs and tenets of transcendentalism were the subjects that caused Whitman to write and carried through not only in the wording and imagery of his poems, but also in the revolutionary way that he chose to write his poetry.†¦show more content†¦Out of itself, it launch[es] filament, filament, filament (4). Similarly, in the second stanza, Whitmans soul stands surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space (7), musing how to build a bridge that would connect them to himself. Like the spider, the poets soul wan ts to send out a gossamer thread that would catch somewhere (10). Whitman uses nature as an appropriate metaphor to express the concept of a mans lonely and seeking soul. The image of a spider launching forth filament after filament to connect itself in some way with the vastness of its surroundings captures the nature of the human as well, who seeks to link himself, in the mind of the transcendentalist, with the Oversoul and to find the bridge that leads to a definition of life. The critic Wilton Eckley saw this relationship in his essay: Whitmans poetic soul, like the spider, stands isolated at the center of all things. If it is to take on meaning, it must... come to a realization of itself... The poet then, like the spider is complete in himself-a seer and a kosmos - constantly musing, venturing, throwing, seeking in an effort to create his own order by forming a union with the whole (Eckley 20). 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Groundwater use in kathmandu valley - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5600 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Population Essay Did you like this example? Chapter IV A. Groundwater Use inKathmandu Valley Abstract: The Kathmandu Valley, bowl shaped of 651 Km2 basin areas, has gently sloping valley floor, valley plain terraces with scrap faces together with the flood plains. The valley has warm temperate-semitropical climate and intended circular shaped drainage basin with only one outlet. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Groundwater use in kathmandu valley" essay for you Create order The valley is filled with the fluvio-lacustrine sediments of quaternary age, making three groundwater zones. Only one water supply operator, Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL), is serving water supply in 5 Municipalities and 48 VDCs out of 99 VDCs using 35 surface sources, 57 deep tube wells, 20 WTPs, 43 service reservoirs and operating about 1300 major valves. The portion of groundwater contribution in total production is an average of 35% in dry season and 11% in wet season with yearly average of 19% in 2011, and found decreasing to 7%, 4%, and 3% in 2016, 2019 and 2025 respectively. Water supply is found to be improved with increasing consumption rate from 41 lpcd in 2011 to 126 lpcd in 2025.If supply system is managed with project demand of 135 lpcd, the average supply duration will increase from 7 hr a day in 2011 to 23 hour a day in 2025. Foremost reasons of supplying much less compare to calculated are possibly due to inaccurate forecasting of served populations, abse nce of effective MIS on water infrastructure systems, and inaccurate estimation of unaccounted for water from system. Outside valley urban centers development, optimum land use planning for potential recharge, introducing micro to macro level rainwater harvesting programs and riverhead forest protection are important alternative options to minimize the gap between demand and supply of the valley. 1. BACKGROUND The Kathmandu Valley is consisting of Kathmandu metropolitan city, capital of Nepal. Kathmandu, an ancient city with a varied history, consists of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur districts with five municipalities and 99 Village Development Committees. The significance of its historical development is the rise of conurbation in the valley, the design of Pagoda style architecture and high rising temples with stepped plinth basement. After liberation in 1952, the new phase of development began with remarkable change in social status, migration of people to the valley. The general trends of the urbanization remained slow till the mid sixties. Only in seventies, infrastructures like road networks, water supply systems started to develop rapidly in the city. As a result, the valley is growing rapidly and haphazardly. This is the right time to look seriously at the growing urban problems and available water resource in the valley. It is necessary to systematize the settlement, implement the town planning more scientifically and carry out the land use in proper manner so that available water resource potential could be maintained sustainably. There are various development plans for the valley, namely construction of outer ring road, fast track road, railways, urban settlement development and construction of link roads on the bank of the rivers. The shortages of surface and groundwater availability and flood damage are identified problems in the valley. The valley basin is an ecologically important basin. 2. INTRODUCTION:KATHMANDUVALLEY 2.1 Topography The Kathmandu Valley is an intramontane basin, situated in the Lesser Himalayan zone. The lofty Higher Himalayan Range is just about 65 km aerial distance north of the Kathmandu. The valley is unique in its shape and is surrounded by the spurs of Lesser Himalayas. The valley basin is 30 km long in the east-west and about 25 km long in north-south direction. Phulchoki Hill which is 2762m above the mean sea level (msl) in the southeast is the highest elevation point in the area. Shivpuri Hill is about 2700m above msl in the north, Nagarkot is 2166m above msl in the east and Chandragiri is about 2561m above the msl in the west. The lowest elevation point located by the side of Bagmati River is 1214 m above msl. About 55 % of the area is occupied by the valley floor, 35% of foothill and the remaining 10% are mountainous areas. In the valley, the forest (mountainous) area is about 30% of the total area having slope range from 20 to 30%, and remaining area (70%) is having average slope of 0 to 4% as shown in Fig.1. Kathmandu Valley is believed to be a Paleolake. At places outcrops of Tistung Formation are exposed in the valley. There are few other buried hills and river channel in the valley underlying the thick cover of the valley fill sediments. Kathmandu Valley is situated between latitudes 27 °32 N and 27 °49N and between longitudes 85 ° 11 E and 85 ° 32 E. The configuration of the valley is more or less circular with watershed area of 651 km2.   The topographic features of the study area are gently sloping valley floor, valley plain terraces with scrap faces, and talus cone deposition, together with the flood plains. 2.2 Meteorology The climate of the area is warming temperate-semitropical, largely affected by monsoon behavior. The maximum temperature is observed about 36 ° C in summer (May) and the minimum temperature is about -3 °C in winter (January). The major forms of precipitation are rain, occasional hail and fog.   Considering the precipitation received record the maximum annual precipitation within the valley was recorded as 3293 mm in 1975 and minimum was 917 mm in 1982. The summer rainfall occurs mainly in the months of June to September and winter rainfall is also common but not heavy. Kathmandu Valley receives an annual average rainfall of about 1600 mm, which is also the average annual rainfall for the whole Nepal. The mean relative humidity is 75% and the mean wind velocity rises till the month of May up to average of 0.55 m/s and decreases after monsoon until December. The predominant wind directions are west and northwest. Generally the days are rather calm before noon and the wind rises afternoon. The monthly air pressure is almost constant throughout the year, which is about 860 mb. The sunshine duration is in the range between 7 hours and 9.5 hours per day except during the months of monsoon.   The average annual evapotranspiration is 829 mm over the basin. 2.3 Drainage The valley is situated at the upstream reach of the Bagmati River. The Bagmati River is the main drainage, which drains all the water collected in the valley basin to the south and dissects the mountains of Mahabharat range at the southwest of the valley. It originates from Bagdwar in the Shivpuri Hill in the north and flows from northeast to southwest direction in the northern half part of the valley. The watershed area has an intend shape of circular with the outlet of the basin at Chovar gorge, which is the only outlet of the basin. The fluvio-lacustrine deposit filled in the valley bottom controls the drainage system. The major tributaries for Bagmati river are nine in total namely Mai khola, Nakhu khola, Balkhu khola, Vishnumati khola, Dhobi khola, Manohara khola, Kodku khola, Godavari khola and Hanumante khola. Hanumante khola flows towards the west and Balkhu khola towards the east. Mai khola and Dhobi khola flow towards the south. They meet Bagmati River in the central part o f the valley. The Vishnumati, the Bagmati and the Manohara khola, which rise from northern and northeastern of the watershed, join in a place called Teku Dovan in Kathmandu City. Godavari khola, the Kodku khola and the Nakhu khola rise in the southern part of watershed and flow from the south to north to join with the Bagmati River. 2.4 Hydrogeology Hydrogeological condition of the valley is important things to know the groundwater potential and its yield estimation. The valley is located in the Lesser Himalayan region in central Nepal. Bedrocks are exposed mainly in the hill slopes around and only at few places in the valley.   The valley is filled with the fluvio-lacustrine sediments of quaternary age. These sediments were derived from the surrounding hills. The thickness of the valley fill sediments varies according to the undulated pattern of the basement from 78 m in Bansbari upto 549 m in Bhrikuti Mandap as confirmed by deep bore holes (Kaphle and Joshi, 1998). Metasedimentary as well as metamorphic rocks represent the basement/bedrock of the valley. Shrestha(2001) assigned The Hydrological Soil Group (HSG) for each type of geological formation according to its infiltration potential as per SCS (1975). HSG A was assigned for the soil of high infiltration rate, B for medium, C for slow and D for very slow rate. The H SG of the valley is shown in Fig.2. There are two types of sediment material namely unconsolidated and slightly consolidated sediment materials. The unconsolidated materials are found mostly in the northern part of the valley and bank of major rivers whereas slightly consolidated materials are found in other portions. In the valley, silty clay lake deposit ranges in thickness from 180 to 220 meters or more from surface and are predominate in the center and south of the valley. On the other hand no thick silty clay lake deposit exists in the northern valley except deep portion of Dhobi khola well field. Un-confined to semi-confined sand and gravel formation predominate in the north and northeast of valley. These formation ranges in thickness from 30 to 80 m with high permeability. On the other hand, the confined water bearing formation is underlined the above mentioned very thick silty clay in the center and south valley. However this deep aquifer has low permeability and high electrical conductance. The ground water we lls in the north side have penetrated high permeable water bearing formation.   However, the static water level in well field as observed by Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) has been showing a decline trend since the groundwater development has started. Almost all the private wells are located in the center and south of the valley, drilled into the confined low permeable aquifer underlined the very thick silty clay formation. In the center of the valley, below Quaternary sedimentary formation, pre-Palaeozoic hard fresh rocks are confirmed by gas wells at 450 m below ground surface. 3. GROUNDWATER ZONE AND RECHARGE Recharge into groundwater is a complicated phenomenon especially when considering recharge in a deep aquifer. It depends on many factors such as soil, vegetation, geography, and the hydrological conditions. In general, most of rechargeable areas are confined in high flat plains and alluvial low plains in the valley, because the exploitation of groundwater seems to be difficult in the surrounding high mountains. The mountain ranges surrounding the valley have no possibility for groundwater recharge because of the high relief topographical conditions. Due to steep slope, the rainfall will convert quickly to runoff than infiltrate through the ground and joins the nearest tributaries. Most of the permeated rainfall moves laterally and reappears in to the river channel as base flow or lost as evapotranspiration. The remaining part moves vertically and recharges the groundwater basin. So the rechargeable areas are found on the margins of northern and southern part of the groundwater basin boundary. Groundwater basin boundary has area of 327 km2 (Shrestha, 1990). The total rechargeable area in the valley was found 86 km2 which is 26% of the groundwater basin area. The amount of long term average annual groundwater recharge to the Kathmandu Valley basin was estimated as presented in Table 1. Table 1. Recharge Amount in equivalent depth over the Kathmandu Groundwater Basin (Shrestha, 1990) Recharge amount in equivalent depth   over the basin per year Recharge   Calculation Methods 51 mm Water Balance Method 55 mm Base flow separation Method 37.5 mm Specific Yield Method 59 mm Chloride Balance Method 41 mm Groundwater Flow Method In 1972, the incoming tritium content at Kathmandu valley was estimated by the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Harwell, 60 TU (Tritium unit) during summer and 30 TU in winter. The Tritium dating result for the groundwater indicated the recharge water was of pre-1954 (Binnie Partners and Associates, 1973). Based on hydrogeological structure the valley can be divided into three groundwater zone, namely Northern, central and southern zone. The northern zone includes 5 well fields ( Bansbari, Dhobikhola, Manohara, Bhaktapur and Gokarna well field)   as principal water sources and of 157 km2 area with estimated recharge area of 59 km2 ( Shrestha, 1990). The northern zone is largest recharge area of the valley. There are unconsolidated high permeable materials deposits in upper part consisting of micaceous quartz, sand and gravel. It can yield large quantity of water. Isotope analysis study made by Jenkins et al, 1987, confirmed that there is more rapid and vigorous recharge in Sundarijal area (Gokarna well field) than elsewhere. This zone is an interbedded aquifer or a series of sub aquifers and the complexity of its structure. It has average transmissivity in range of 83 to 1963 m3/d/m and low electrical conductivity in the range of 100 to 200 ms/cm. The central zone includes most of core urban area with almost all private wells. This zone includes Mhadevkhola well field. The upper part of deposit is composed of impermeable very thick stiff black clay with lignite. Total groundwater basin under central zone is 114.5 km2 and the rechargeable area under this zone is 6 km2. It has average transmissivity in the range of 32-960 m3/d/m and very electrical conductivity of an average of 1000 ms/cm. The existence of soluble methane gas gives an indication of sustended aquifer conditions. The southern zone is characterized by about 200m thick clay formation and low permeable basal gravel. This zone is not well developed and only recognized along the Bagmati River between Chovar and Pharping. Total groundwater basin under this zone is 55.5 km2 and the rechargeable area is 21 km2. This zone includes Pharping Well field. 4. WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT STATUS IN KATHMANDU VALLEY 4.1 Institutional Set up and Service Area The water supply services of Kathmandu Valley have remained poor despite various attempts through many projects during last three decades. It was realized that the poor state of water services in Kathmandu valley was a compounded result of deficiencies in water resources, weaknesses in system capacity, inadequacies in management efficiency and increasing political interferences after 1990 political change. As per agreement made with ADB for Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP), the Government of Nepal restructured the existing only one State owned regulator   and operator , Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) and establishing three separate entities, each for the role of asset ownership and policy setting (Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB), operation and management of services (Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) and economic regulation of the services (Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission (WSTFC).  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   KVWSMB issued an operating license to KUKL for 30 years on 12 February 2008 and also signed asset lease agreement for 30 years. Under the Asset Lease Agreement, KUKL has exclusive use of leased assets for the purpose of providing water services over 30 years and is responsible for maintaining the leased assets in good working condition, preparing capital investment and asset management programs to meet the service standards specified in the license and implementing such investment plan as approved by KVWSMB. As provider of the license, KVWSMB is also responsible for monitoring whether KUKL complies with the provisions of the operating license and asset lease agreement. The service area of KUKL includes 5 Municipalities and 48 VDCs as shown in Fig. 3.   Water supply management for remaining 51 VDCs are under Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Government of Nepal. 4.2 Population Projections The Kathmandu Valley is the most densely populated region in Nepal. Its population has also been increasing rapidly. This population is largely in Kathmandu, which is the centre of administration, industrial, commercial, social and economic activities. During the last three decades, the growth in population has been significantly driven by in-migration. The in-migration is largely due to better employment and business opportunities, better educational and medical facilities, but also insurgency and security concerns of recent years. (Source: KUKL 2011 Third Anniversary Report, 2066/67) The rapid unplanned urbanization of the Kathmandu Valley has brought negative impact to its overall development. Water became scarce as demand exceeded supply. Lack of operational wastewater system facilities converted the holy Bagmati River into a highly polluted river. Congested and crowded roads brought hardship to travelers and road junctions became garbage dumping sites. Despite these negative impacts, the urbanization of the valley has still continued at a similar rate to the past 10 years. According to urban planners, from urban basic service management and disaster relief management aspects, the Kathmandu Valley only has a carrying capacity of 5 million populations. In 1999, the Ministry of Population and Environment (MOPE) estimated that the population in 1998 was 1.5 million, assuming an urban growth rate of 6.3% and 2.32% for the rural sector. This is consistent with the 2001 Census of 1.67 million. Using separate growth rates for the urban and rural population, the population of the valley was estimated to reach 3.5 million by 2016 under a do-nothing scenario according to MOPE (1999), as shown in Table 2. Table 3 shows the projected population in the Kathmandu Valley and KUKL service area upto 2025. Population in Kathmandu Valley will be saturated with maximum capacity of 5 millions in 2025. Thus alternate planning and development of urban settlements are needed after 2025. Figure 4 shows comparison of the KUKL service area permanent population projections adopted with those provided by SAPI (2004) and the Bagmati Action Plan (BAP) (2009). The BAP projection is higher because the area taken is for the whole of the Kathmandu Valley and includes areas outside the KUKL service area. Table 2. Population Projection for Kathmandu Valley under Do-nothing Scenario Year Total Urban1 Rural2 1991 1,105,379 598,528 506,851 1996 1,369,403 800,965 568,438 2001 1,709,380 1,071,872 637,508 2006 2,149,378 1,434,407 714,971 2011 2,721,406 1,919,560 801,846 2016 3,468,082 2,568,805 899,277 Note: 1 Growth rate at 6% per annum, 2, Growth rate at 2.32% per annum. Urban population includes municipal population and population of 34 rapidly urbanizing VDCs, Source: MOPE, 1999 Table 3: Projected Population for Kathmandu Valley and KUKL Service Area Year Year 2001 (census) 2010 2015 2020 2025 Kathmandu Valley 1,579,737 2,712,000 3,486,000 4,481,000 5,761,000 KUKL Service Area 1,285,737 2,135,000 2,713,000 3,242,000 3,963,000 Source: Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Wastewater System Improvement ( PPTA 4893- NEP)   May 2010) 5. WATER INFRASTRUCTURES (KUKL) Figure 5 shows 6 major water supply schemes, namely, Tri Bhim Dhara, Bir Dhara, Sundarijal, Bhaktapur, Chapagaun, and Pharping schemes, which include surface and groundwater sources, WTPs, and major transmission lines. Surface Water Sources: At present, there are 35 surface sources being tapped for water supply mostly situated at hills surrounding the valley as spring in the valley. There is considerable seasonal fluctuation in water discharge. Most water sources have a reduced flow in the dry season by 30 to 40% with some by as much as 70%. Almost all the sources have some potential additional yield in the wet season. The total wet season supply of 106 MLD reduces in the dry season to 75 MLD. Groundwater Sources: Deep tube wells are the main means of extracting groundwater for use in the water supply system. Out of 78 existing deep tube-wells only 57 are currently in operation mainly from 7 well fields, namely, Manohara, Gokarna, Dhobikhola, Bansbari, Mahadevkhola, Bhaktapur, and Pharping well fields. Most of the tube wells electro-mechanical parts are in a poor condition with most flow meters missing or broken. Tube wells used to be operated only in the dry season in order to supplement reducing surface water sources, but, due to demand exceeding supply, they are now also used in the wet season. Total dry season (4 months: February to May) rated production 33 MLD with a reduced wet season (remaining 8 months) production of 13.7 MLD. Additional subsurface flow has been extracting through 15 dug wells. Table A1 (in Appendix) presents inventory of deep tubewells currently in operating condition in KUKL. Water Treatment Plants: At present, there are 20 water treatment plants (WTPs) in the system with a total treatment capacity of about 117 MLD treating surface water and groundwater due to high iron content. Six WTPs are of capacity between 3 to 26.5 MLD. The largest is at Mahankal Chaur with a treatment capacity of 26.5 MLD and the smallest is at Kuleswor with a treatment capacity of 0.11 MLD. Most of the WTPs are in poor condition and none has operational flow meters or properly operating chlorination equipment. Service Reservoirs:   There are a total of 43 service reservoirs in the system with capacities ranging from 4,500m3 down to 50m3. Most of the reservoirs are in reasonable condition but two are leaking. The total storage capacity is 41500 m3. Pumping Stations:There are 31 water supply pumping stations in the system that are used to draw water from sump wells to treatment plants or service reservoirs, and to fill up reservoirs located on higher ground or overhead tanks. Of these only 11 are in satisfactory condition. Few have operational flow meters or pressure gauges. Major operation and maintenance problem in the pumping stations are lack of skilled technician and absence of proper monitoring mechanisms. Transmission Mains and Distribution Lines: At present, the total length of transmission mains is about 301kms,aging between 20 to 115 years, and distribution mains of about 1115 kms of aging between 2 to 115 years, with pipe diameter varying from 50mm to 800mm. The pipe materials used include Galvanized Iron (GI), Cast Iron (CI), Steel (SI), Ductile Iron (DI), High Density Polythene Pipe (HDPE) and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). The majority type of pipe used is 50mm diameter GI. Operating Mechanism:   The system has about 1300 major valves of different sizes. Most of the large sizes valves are situated inside WTPs and operating daily. All valves are being operated manually. Water leakage from the valve chamber or valves contributes major portion in the total counted leakage percentage. Other than piped water supplied through the valves, water tankers are also serving water especially in water scared area by injecting into the distribution line usually smaller size (50 mm) and filling in publicly established polytanks. Water tankers are also being used for emergency condition such as pipeline breakage, fire fighting and sudden malfunctioned systems. Water tankers are also used as private trip charging approved rate. There are many problems in the distribution system. These problems include: ad hoc laying of pipes and valves, involvement of users group and their intervention in the operation of valves, multiple service pipeline connections, direct pumpi ng from distribution lines, illegal connections, high percentage of leakage and wastage, and direct distribution from transmission mains. The majority of consumer lines are leaking at the connection to the distribution mains and few customers have properly operating consumer meters. 6. WATER DEMAND AND GROUNDWATER USE FORSUPPLY 6.1Current Water Demand and Supply Water demand is usually derived from the population within service area, population growth, domestic water consumption level assumptions, and a provision for non-domestic water consumption. The permanent population is forecast to rise from present population of 2.1 million in 2010, 2.7 million in 2015 and 3.2 million in 2020 and 3.9 million in 2025. Out of the total population forecast 77%, 87% and 96% of the population will be served, as a result of the MWSP and future investments, in 2015, 2020 and 2025 respectively. Predicting the exact number of temporary population in the valley is a challenging task, as there is no reliable data. Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Wastewater System Improvement-PPTA 2010, undertook a sample survey to count temporary population. The sample surveys were focused on three categories of the temporary population viz street vendors; students, service holders and labours seeking job in the valley; and house servants/keepers. The survey indicated that tempor ary population amounted to approximately 30% of the permanent population. The proportion of temporary population varies between municipal and VDC wards. It has to be taken into account in population projections and service demands. However, demand is also a function of price, household income availability and accessibility of water supply, but accurate estimates of the impact of these factors require extensive analysis of historical data. The present permanent population of the valley water supply service area is estimated at over 2.1 million. Adding 30% the total population to be considered for gross demand forecasting will be 2.73 million. It is reasonable to assume 40 % of total water consumption rate for temporary or floating population. Considering household sanitation system in the service area, it is reasonable to take per capita demand in the range of 85 to 95 lpcd. Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Wastewater System Improvement-PPTA, 2010, has considered 93 lpcd. For the demand taking 135 lpcd which is consumption rate considered in MWSP for total population including temporary population, the total water demand at service level or point of use is found to be 315 MLD, which is similar to KUKL estimated de mand of 320 MLD (KUKL, 2011). Estimated unaccounted for water (UfW) considered for the system is 35-40% (KUKL 2011). Considering UfW as 40 %, net water supply would be decreased by 40%. Figure 6 shows maximum production of 149 MLD on the month of September and minimum of 89 MLD on March. It gives yearly average production of 119 MLD and dry season average production of 94 MLD whereas wet season average is 131 MLD. Considering 20 % real losses as process loss on water flow incorporating transmission loss, treatment plant operation loss, quantity of water supplied and deficiencies is estimated as shown in Fig.7 and Table 4. 20 % loss is assumed to be occurred in distribution system, i.e. from service reservoir to a tap or point of use. Table 4. Current Average Monthly Demand, Supply and Deficiencies Month Demand, MLD Production, MLD Supply, MLD Deficiencies , MLD Jan 315 114 (13.5) 91 224 Feb 315 99(33) 79 236 Mar 315 89(33) 71 244 Apl 315 95(33) 76 239 May 315 96(33) 77 238 Jun 315 114(13.5) 91 224 Jul 315 141(13.5) 113 202 Aug 315 145(13.5) 116 199 Sep 315 149(13.5) 119 196 Oct 315 142(13.5) 114 201 Nov 315 132(13.5) 106 209 Dec 315 116(13.5) 93 222 ( ) Groundwater contribution in MLD Figure 7 shows dry season average supply as 76 MLD and 105 MLD for wet season. Yearly average supply is 96 MLD. Thus the water supply in the Kathmandu Valley via KUKL piped network at present is an average 35 litres per capita per day, whereas supply in KUKL service area is average of 46 lpcd. 6.2Groundwater Depleting Trends The portion of groundwater contribution in total production is an average of 35% during dry season (4 months from Feb to May) and 11% during wet season (remaining 8 months). The pumping rate of the private wells in the valley is smaller compared to KUKLs   tubewell abstraction. The trend of groundwater extraction volume from private wells and gas wells remains almost constant during the last several years. But the production from KUKL wells is increasing greatly. Deeper groundwater is being over-extracted and extraction is unsustainable. It is estimated that there are over 10,000 hand dug well which are used to supplement the KUKL water supply. More reliable water supplies will reduce the need for groundwater pumping, thus allowing more sustainable use of this valuable water resource. JICA (1990) had used historical well hydrographs to assess the seasonal fluctuation of groundwater level and recharge into main aquifer in the study of groundwater management of Kathmandu Valley. Tank Model (Sugawara et al.1974) was used for simulation to develop the relationship between rainfall and groundwater level. The annual fluctuations (maximum groundwater level- minimum groundwater level) of long-term average at two sites were estimated. In the study, they estimated mean annual fluctuation on well WHO 7A (Sundarijal) by taking average over the period 1940-1986 as 1500mm and on well B12 (Maharajgunj) over 1947-1975 as 457 mm. Both wells are located in the northern part of the basin. The groundwater level has an annual cycle. The Kathmandu Valley groundwater basin can be isolated from other groundwater bodies outsides the valley. The recharge through outside the valley is assumed to be negligible. The groundwater levels have been in nearly steady condition in the early stages of the 1980s, because no large well was operated at that time in the basin. JICA (1990) has developed relationship by trial-and-error method in order to make the calculated groundwater level of the main aquifer to coincide with the observed one. Extraction of groundwater by pumping has found to be increased since 1984 so it is worth to assume that groundwater level was in a steady state condition on and before 1983. Groundwater assessment model developed by Shrestha (2001), has found groundwater level   decreasing sharply from 1985 onwards and balanced water available was abruptly changed from 1986 onwards. The model had assumed initial groundwater storage as 1000mm to calculate relative drawdown of the groundwater. The model predicted the maximum soil moisture content as 225 mm which had been found in the range of 200 mm to 250mm estimated by Binnie Partners and Associates (1973) for the Kathmandu Valley. He used mean annual actual evapotranspiration calculated by Shrestha (1990), as 829 mm while the mean annual potential evapotranspiration was 1074 mm. An annual actual evapotranspiration was found almost constant for the valley. Some recharge areas, which are on the northern part of the valley, is converting to urbanization rapidly. On the other hand, extraction of groundwater is also increasing to fulfill the demand of water. These are the main reasons for rapid reduction of groundwat er storage. The drawdown was calculated with reference to the year 1975. The initial condition of groundwater level is taken as of the year 1972. The drawdown depth observed in the valley basin was much closed with observed drawdown for all observed years. The model has found three distinct trends of drawdown such as decreasing trend from 1977 to 1981, increasing trend from 1981 to 1985 and sharp increasing trend after 1986. Main reasons behind sharp increasing trend of drawdown were listed as three to four fold increasing in new house constructions and over extraction of groundwater to cope shooting water demand due to rapid and unplanned urban growth. The total basin equivalent drawdown was found to be increased by 2.75 m in year 1984 and 7.5 m in year 1989 when compared to that in the year 1978. The model predicted drawdown only due to groundwater extraction was found to be increased by 2 m in the year 1984 and 6m in the year 1989   compared with the drawdown during 1978. Shrestha (200 1) concluded that drawdown of 0.75m in the year 1984 and 1.5 m in the year 1989 could be attributed to the hydrological change due to land-use modifications. 7. POST MELAMCHI SCENARIO AND EXPECTED STRESS IN FUTURE It will be reasonable to assume that The Melamchi water will be served its first phase to the alley by 2016. According to the prediction (Referring Figure 4), the permanent population of the service area will be 2.8 millions in 20016. According to urban planners, from urban basic service management and disaster relief management aspects, the Kathmandu Valley only has a carrying capacity of 5 million populations and it would cross the capacity by 2025. MWSP is a comprehensive multi donor water supply mega project that aims to improve the health and well-being of the people in Kathmandu Valley. It will achieve this impact by diverting water from the Melamchi River to the Kathmandu Valley and thus deliver its overall outcome of alleviating the chronic shortage of potable water. MWSP is implemented under two subprojects. Subproject-1 delivers bulk potable water to the head of the Kathmandu Valley (Melamchi Diversion Scheme). Its major civil components are the 26 km tunnel and the new water treatment plant at Sundarijal. MWSP subproject-2 has major civil components of water distribution system and wastewater system improvements in the valley. MWSP has aimed for 24 hours water supply of 135 lpcd and structured water infrastructure rehabilitation and development programs under subproject-2 as listed below, to reduced UfW to 20% from 40%. It can be divided into two portions. 10% loss is assumed to be occurred in transmission and treatment process and another 10 % in distribution system. Rehabilitation and Development of Surface Water and Groundwater Sources Rehabilitation and Development of WTPs Bulk Distribution System Water Supply Service reservoirs repair and New construction Distribution Network Improvement (DNI) Land Acquisition for the programs MWSP has been conceived to divert 510 MLD of water to the Valley in three phases. In the first phase a total of 170 MLD of water would be diverted and followed by subsequent development of Yangri and Larke river system to the tune of 170 MLD each in next two phases. It is expected that first phase Melamchi Water will be added in 2016 and other additions of 170 MLD in 2019 and in 2025. Table.5.Pre and Post Melamchi Scenario on Demand, Production, Supply, Groundwater Contribution and Supply Hour per day for 2011 and 2016 Table 5 presents calculated water demand after first phase of MWSP completion   i.e. on 2016, as 423 MLD serving permanent population of 2.8 million and temporary population of 0.84 million (30% of permanent population ) with 135 lpcd 24 hour supply. Average Water Production including additional 170 MLD with average groundwater contribution of 7% is 288.96 MLD. Supply is calculated considering 10% transmission and treatment process loss and average supply as 260.06 MLD. Liter per capita per day (lpcd) is evaluated considering supply quantity for total effective population (2.8 +0.3 x 2.8 = 3.64 millions), but only 40% of consumption rate is considered for temporary population. It shows an average lpcd of 82.9 lpcd serving the total population with 24 hour supply. If supply is managed with project demand of 135 lpcd, the average supply duration per day will be of 14.74 hours. Table.6.Pre and Post Melamchi Scenario on Demand, Production, Supply, Groundwater Contribution and Supply Hour per day for 2019 and 2025 Figure 8 shows the MWSP will increase average lpcd from 40 lpcd in 2011 to 126 lpcd in 2025.   If supply system is managed with project demand of 135 lpcd, the average supply duration per day is also increased from 7 hr a day in 2011 to 23 hour a day in 2025. Table 6 Figure 9 show decreased average groundwater contribution from 19 percent in 2011 to 3 percent in 2025. 8. CONCLUSIONS Considering water supply scenario of 2011, average water supplied at the point of use will be 57 MLD taking 40% UfW (KUKL, 2011) and consumption rate of the supply is 24.27 lpcd. Supply duration per day is calculated as 4 hour if considered 135 lpcd. But the supply hour is much less than calculated as present condition of KUKL water supply. Major possible reasons which make difference with actual conditions might be listed as: Inaccurate forecasting of served population Absence of effective MIS of Water Supply System Inaccurate estimating UfWs ( transmission, treatment and distribution) It is found that MWSP alone is not sufficient providing water supply to cover forecasted served populations. Alternative sources should be planned and added. Another option will be, if outside the valley urban settlement development planning is formulated and implemented, the population growth rate will be controlled or it may be decreased mainly due to migration of new population to outside the valley. Effect of land-use modification is more predominant in groundwater than on the surface water (Shrestha, 2001). This is due to fact that the extraction of groundwater to fulfill the demand of growth urbanization is increased and portion of water infiltrating for groundwater is reduced due to increase in imperviousness. Hence rechargeable area of the valley importantly northern groundwater zone should have land use planning providing more open area with less paved. To control rapid drawdown of groundwater level, excessive extraction of deep groundwater should be controlled providing alternate options such as introducing rainwater harvesting techniques from micro (private) to macro (institutional) level, and water demand management. Riverhead forests surrounding the existing surface sources should be protected so that persistent surface flows could be observed throughout the year.

The Destruction of Body and Mind Through Unhealthy Choices

The body and mind is what we are born into this world with and these are the aspects we live with for the rest of our lives and one thing that us teenagers sometimes fail to acknowledge is that an unhealthy lifestyle and unhealthy choices involving mental and physical aspects of our lives can lead to the destruction of the body and mind. In this era of teenage life we face problems that involve the evolution of social, environment and technological aspects that influence our physical and nutritional lifestyle choices. It is a scary thought to think life as we know it and life to come may lead to one big fat lie... What are the reasons for living this fat, if not unfit, lifestyle? STRESS AND DEPRESSION can have a major toll on the mind and even in extreme cases, the body. Teenagers are put under pressure at school, at home and even their peers and in such situations it is natural to stress. Major conflicts such as peer bullying or family problems, like divorce, can lead to depression. 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Essay on How Much Russia Changed from 1856-1894 - 609 Words

How Much Russia Changed from 1856-1894 During the years of 1856 and 1894, Russia changed immensely in its policies and general state. It went from being an ageing superpower into a country with internal problems and an ambience of civilian unrest. Alexander II realised the need to modernise Russia in order to prolong their status as a superpower. This stemmed from their defeat in the Crimean war. To modernise and industrialise Russia, a free workforce was needed and this could only be made available if people were freed from the land. This meant that Alexander II would need to somehow release the serfs from their owner’s land. Another reason for emancipation was made clear in a quote from†¦show more content†¦However, not all of Russia’s problems were solved and indeed some of the reforms created new problems. But generally, Russia changed a great deal during Alexander II’s reign and the majority of change was constructive. Alexander III was faced with a number of dilemmas when he came to power. The assassination of his father had a huge impact on him. He believed that all attempts at reform were futile and so followed a policy of counter-reform. His repressive measures became known as â€Å"the Reaction†. Some examples include Russification, where national minority influence was limited and the Statue of State Security, where judges, magistrates and officials sympathetic to liberal ideology were removed. During Alexander III’s reign, opposition grew tremendously. This was generally due to Alexander III’s repression, political stagnation and because if they did nothing, there would be no alternative to autocracy. In conclusion, Russia did not make a great deal of progress during Alexander III’s reign. Alexander III dealt with Russia’s problems by using suppression. But this caused more opposition to the tsar as it drove more support towards the violent revolutionary groups. In addition, some historians have said that Alexander III’s policy of suppression stopped Russia’s progression and as such, Russia regressed in terms of positiveShow MoreRelatedThe Mighty Handful2127 Words   |  9 PagesRimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin. The five composers all lived in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and worked together to created amazing works of music from 1856 to 1870. The Mighty Handful got their name from an article entitled Mr. Balakirev’s Slavic Concert, by acclaimed critic Vladimir Stasov which was a concert that was performed for visiting Slavic delegates in May 1867 at the All-Russian Ethnographical Exhibition† in Moscow, Russia. The four Russian compos ers whose worked were featured at the concert wereRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslittle significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictableRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pagesemergence of knowledge as the economy’s key resource) will certainly necessitate radically new economic theory and equally radically new economic policy. The book does not concern itself with politics—not even with such crucial questions as whether Russia can and will recover as a political, military and economic power. It sticks with MANAGEMENT ISSUES. There are good reasons for this. The issues this book discusses, the new social, demographic and economic REALITIES, are not issues that GOVERNMENT

Why Students Should Eat Breakfast Everyday free essay sample

A lot of people, especially young people, go though the day without having breakfast. Many people believe that it is not necessary, or they say that they dont have time for that, and begin their day with no meal. I believe that everyone should eat breakfast before going to their activities. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of breakfast, especially for students. The first reason why you should eat breakfast before going to school is for your health. When you skip breakfast and go to school, you are looking for a disease ecause its not healthy to have an empty stomach all day long. Its very important to have a meal and not let your stomach work empty. All you are going to get is gastritis and a lot of problems with your health if you dont eat breakfast. Another reason for eating breakfast is because you need food for to do well in your classes. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Students Should Eat Breakfast Everyday? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You body and your brain are not going to function as good as they could because you have no energy and no strength. When you try to learn something and ave nothing in your stomach, you are going to have a lot of trouble succeeding. A lot of people think that they should not eat because they are going to feel tired, but thats not true. Breakfast is not a very big meal, and on the contrary, youre going to feel tired if you dont have breakfast because you have spent the entire previous night without food. The last reason to have breakfast every day is because you can avoid diseases if you eat some breakfast in the morning. If you dont eat, you are going to get sick, and hese diseases will have a stronger effect on you because youre going to get sick easier than people who have breakfast every day. You have to realize that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and you cannot skip it without consequences for your health, your school and your defense mechanism. It is better to wake up earlier and have a good breakfast that run to school without eating anything. It is time for you to do something for your health, and eating breakfast is the better way to start your day.

Public Service Motivation and Job Performance

Question: Discuss about the Public Service Motivation and Job Performance. Answer: Introduction The study focuses on the emerging trends of organizational behaviour. The organizational trends of the workplaces are to be selected where theoretical frameworks of organizational behaviour will be described in a detailed manner. The organizational behaviour is an important aspect where the company focuses on the performance of the employees. The study will also provide few discussion questions that will help the groups for starting a discussion regarding the modern trends of organizational behaviour practices in the organization. Trends of organization behaviour are related to job performance and motivation. The three topics that are chosen for identification of the managerial trends and psychological contract are job satisfaction, motivation enhancers and employee satisfaction. These three topics of organizational behaviour are related to the core topic of job performance and motivation. Motivation is the aspect that is commonly used by organizations being it big or small in order to improve the organizational performance as well as employee performance. Working environment, productivity of the team, employee satisfaction, employee performance are the important factors that can lead to increased job performance of the employees in a particular organization (Schwartz, 2017). It can be said that there is a strong relation between the motivational programs for the employees of the organization with increased job performance. The role of motivation in the work performance are determined by the aspects of productivity such as increased functional and organizational performance, ratio of conversion of organization resources into productivity and output of the employees in hourly basis. The three topics in an organizational perspective can increase the effectiveness in terms of reduced labour problems, better company image, better utilization of resources, increase in productivity of the employees, etc (Jonas, 2016). Implication on the trends on managers and psychological contract Managers and leaders in the competitive business context need to be more active and sharp in order to cope up with the organizational trends. This cannot be done alone by self-motivation. Motivation is required to boost up the mindset of the employees to work better or rather in a smarter way (Resources, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeU3aVj6qfc). Motivation programs are initiated by multinational organizations that boost the psychological contract of the employees. They can be both monetary rewards and non-monetary rewards. Monetary rewards of Coca Cola include equity plans, competitive compensation, education benefits (tuition reimbursement, undergraduate scholarship fund), discounts and conveniences (employee discount program, automobile discount plan). Non-monetary benefits include diverse workplace, vacation purchase program, paid vacations, job sharing, and flexible time in work, etc. Apart from that, career development programs also help managers in order to learn many modern trends of business (Burnett, 2017). The flexibility of the work environment and job description of the organization help the executives to enhance better communication channels with the supervisors that will ultimately increase the performance of them in their respective fields of work. The element of company culture is considered as an excellent motivational tool which is responsible for creation of employee friendly and positive company culture (Bell, 2013). The theories of motivation are chosen in this section in order to boost the motivation and psychological content of the employees. The two theories that will be analyzed are Self determination theory of human motivation and Maslows hierarchy of needs. Self determination theory of human motivation Self determination theory is a theory that encompasses human nature. It shows some positive features that are responsible for the agency, effort and commitment. It can be said that people have different innate physiological needs based on personality integration and self-motivation. The three innate needs are autonomy, relatedness and competence. Human beings are proactive with the mastering of their different inner forces like emotions and drives and are proactive with potential forces (Spence Deci, 2013). The inherent tendencies of humans are towards integrated functioning and growth development. In humans, optimal actions and development are inherent which does not happen automatically. Organizations like Coca Cola use this theory to motivate their employees by providing them autonomy in their field of work by giving training that would increase their level of competences (Johnson, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZmTALSbthM). According to Maslows hierarchy of needs, the higher level of needs will be achieved by realizing potential of employees, having autonomy, sense of achievement, self-worth, etc. Few steps of the theory are interrelated with each other. They are physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualization. The organizations implement this theory in order to motivate the employees in their proper field of work (Maslow, 2013). Discussion Questions How job satisfaction is related to motivational factors of the organization? What are the roles of monetary and non-monetary rewards as motivational enhancers of the organization? How motivation leads to organizational performance and employee performance? Is there any relation between motivation and participative management style? Conclusion Employee motivation is an important aspect in the perspective of improvement in job performance of employees as well as organizational performance as a whole. In the competitive business world, revenue growth and corporate performance are the factors that challenge the external and internal operating factors. Motivated employees are considered as a valuable asset that is responsible for delivering value to the companies while strengthening and maintaining revenue and business growth. The theoretical implementation is also important apart from using latest technologies related to it. References Bell, N. (2013). Experimental evidence on the relationship between public service motivation and job performance.Public Administration Review,73(1), 143-153. Burnett, D. (2017).Motivation and aspiration: whats the point?.the Guardian. Retrieved 21 March 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/15/motivation-and-aspiration-whats-the-point Johnson, B. (2017).Micro Class: Self-Determination Theory.YouTube. Jonas, J. (2016). Making practical use of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory to motivate employees. a case of Masvingo Polytechnic.Journal of Management Administration,2016(2), 105-117. Maslow, A. H. (2013).A theory of human motivation. Simon and Schuster. Resources, S. (2017).Jordan Belfort: The Only Thing That Can Stop You.YouTube. Schwartz, A. (2017).The Secret of Effective Motivation.Nytimes.com. Retrieved 21 March 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/opinion/sunday/the-secret-of-effective-motivation.html?_r=0 Spence, G. B., Deci, E. L. (2013). Self?determination theory within coaching contexts: Supporting motives and goals that promote optimal functioning and well?being.Beyond goals: Effective strategies for coaching and mentoring, 85-108.

Theme Of Beowulf Essays (664 words) - Beowulf, Geats,

Theme of Beowulf The Anglo-Saxons were the members of the Germanic peoples who invaded England, and were there at least the until the time of the Norman Conquest. They were people of their own time, language, and culture. In the Anglo-Saxon adventured filled tale of Beowulf, the hero Beowulf, was considered the modern day superman. His character exemplifies the Germanic hero and consequently the Anglo-Saxon ideal: strong, fearless, bold, loyal, and stoic in his acceptance of fate. With the absence of humility, yet his important role in society and his ideals of chivalry, Beowulf was the definition of a hero in his own time. This novel develops the theme, with honor towards chivalry and faith in yourself, anything can be accomplished. To be a hero in the Anglo-Saxon period, you proved yourself by doing good deeds, showing honor, and exemplifying bravery. But with all of his amazing characteristics, Beowulf had a hard time proving humility. ?You're Beowulf, are you- the same boastful foo! I who fought a swimming match with Brecca, both of you daring and young and proud, exploring the deepest seas, risking your lives for no reason but the danger? All older and wiser heads warned you not to, but no one could check such pride (Beowulf p.39).? This best describes Beowulf as a child, full of pride and not that good at hiding it. ?I fought that beast's last battle, left it floating lifeless in the sea (Beowulf p.40).? Another quote that showed that in his older age, he had no problem expressing how good he was. A Knight, a hero in the near future, was not one to be outspoken of his capabilities as Beowulf, even though they did both have the same roles in society and honor towards chivalry. Two qualities that did make Beo wulf look a lot more heroic, unlike his absence of humility. Beowulf's role in society was almost identical to a Knight. Only, unlike the Knight, Beowulf made the choice to have this role in society. He was considered the strongest warrior around. He could fight anything, and would easily fight for his King and country. When King Hrothgar had trouble in his battle hall Herot, he asked for Beowulf's assistance. With honor and pride, Beowulf gladly accepted the King's plea for help. Many believed he did so because it was considered his role in society. Either way, he fought off the two beasts, Grendle and his mother, and saved Herot. Beowulf knew of his power and strengths and considered this to be his role in society, to serve and protect his country and those in need. This honor is a good example of Beowulf's heroism. With any quality of Beowulf, chivalry was probably his most recognizable. If anything, Beowulf had the up most respect for his King. He loved him and honored him with all his heart. If asked to do anything by the King, Beowulf would accept it with pride. When the King died, it was Beowulf that asked to take over. But with Beowulf's chivalry, he declined because the King's son was the rightful heir. With time, Beowulf did become King, but with his honor towards chivalry, he was looked up to by all his people. Most people would have easily accepted the throne if asked, but Beowulf was strong with his belief towards chivalry. Even if Beowulf did not have humility, his role in society and honor towards his chivalry expressed his beliefs and proved his heroism. The theme, with honor towards chivalry and faith in yourself, anything can be accomplished, is developed in this novel. The Anglo-Saxon ideals of being strong, fearless, bold, and loyal were exactly the qualities Beowulf carried with him. The ideals of heroism vary differently from generation to generation, but with humility, roles in society, and chivalry, you are bound to have similarities with other heroes. With Beowulf, his honor and pride made him a hero of his own time.